Activity 1 - Simple Random and Stratified Random Samples SP 14(4)(1) E

Activity 1 - Simple Random and Stratified Random Samples SP 14(4)(1) E STAT 1350: Elementary Statistics Collaborative Activity 1 Simple Random and Stratified Random Sampling Sampling Frame The sampling frame provided with this Collaborative Activity represents the student body as of the first day of autumn semester at a small liberal arts school in central Ohio. A Simple Random Sample The college believes that 75% of the student body resides on campus. Use the random number table (attached) to randomly select 10 students. Label the sampling frame using two digit numbers. STEP 1: Label the Sampling Frame STEP 2: Generate Random Numbers starting at row 145 of Table A a. List the 10 students. Indicate whether the student resides on campus or commutes to campus. |Label Number |Dorm or Off Campus|Label Number |Dorm or Off Campus| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | b. What percentage of your SRS live in a dorm? ________________________ c. I selected 5 other SRS of size 10 and recorded the percentage of each sample who lives in a dorm. Compare your percentage from part (b) to the percentages given below. Explain why the percentages are not all the same. 30%; 20%; 30%; 40%; 40%; d. Does your data support the college's belief? Explain why or why not. Stratified Simple Random Sample - a variation of the SRS. To take a Stratified Simple Random Sample, divide the population into 2 or more strata (naturally occurring subgroups). Take a SRS from the first strata then take a SRS from the second strata and so on until you have a SRS from each of the strata. Combine the SRS selected from each strata to make your stratified simple random sample. Pick a stratified sample, by gender of 20 students. Select 10 students from each stratum and record the class rank of each student. First select a SRS of 10 females. Then, continuing on the random number table where you left off, select a SRS of 10 males. Use the labels as you assigned them for the first SRS. STEP 1: Female labels: ____________________ Male: _______________________ STEP 2: Start at row 137 of Table A. a. List the 20 students |Label Number|Gender |Class Rank |Label Number|Gender |Class Rank | | |Female | | |Male | | | |Female | | |Male | | | |Female | | |Male | | | |Female | | |Male | | | |Female | | |Male | | | |Female | | |Male | | | |Female | | |Male | | | |Female | | |Male | | | |Female | | |Male | | | |Female | | |Male | | What does your sample reveal about class rank and gender? Answer in complete sentence(s). TABLE A Random digits Line 101 19223 95034 05756 28713 96409 12531 42544 82853 102 73676 47150 99400 01927 27754 42648 82425 36290 103 45467 71709 77558 00095 32863 29485 82226 90056 104 52711 38889 93074 60227 40011 85848 48767 52573 105 95592 94007 69971 91481 60779 53791 17297 59335 106 68417 35013 15529 72765 85089 57067 50211 47487 107 82739 57890 20807 47511 81676 55300 94383 14893 108 60940 72024 17868 24943 61790 90656 87964 18883 109 36009 19365 15412 39638 85453 46816 83485 41979 110 38448 48789 18338 24697 39364 42006 76688 08708 111 81486 69487 60513 09297 00412 71238 27649 39950 112 59636 88804 04634 71197 19352 73089 84898 45785 113 62568 70206 40325 03699 71080 22553 11486 11776 114 45149 32992 75730 66280 03819 56202 02938 70915 115 61041 77684 94322 24709 73698 14526 31893 32592 116 14459 26056 31424 80371 65103 62253 50490 61181 117 38167 98532 62183 70632 23417 26185 41448 75532 118 73190 32533 04470 29669 84407 90785 65956 86382 119 95857 07118 87664 92099 58806 66979 98624 84826 120 35476 55972 39421 65850 04266 35435 43742 11937 121 71487 09984 29077 14863 61683 47052 62224 51025 122 13873 81598 95052 90908 73592 75186 87136 95761 123 54580 81507 27102 56027 55892 33063 41842 81868 124 71035 09001 43367 49497 72719 96758 27611 91596 125 96746 12149 37823 71868 18442 35119 62103 39244 126 96927 19931 36089 74192 77567 88741 48409 41903 127 43909 99477 25330 64359 40085 16925 85117 36071 128 15689 14227 06565 14374 13352 49367 81982 87209 129 36759 58984 68288 22913 18638 54303 00795 08727 130 69051 64817 87174 09517 84534 06489 87201 97245 131 05007 16632 81194 14873 04197 85576 45195 96565 132 68732 55259 84292 08796 43165 93739 31685 97150 133 45740 41807 65561 33302 07051 93623 18132 09547 134 27816 78416 18329 21337 35213 37741 04312 68508 135 66925 55658 39100 78458 11206 19876 87151 31260 136 08421 44753 77377 28744 75592 08563 79140 92454 137 53645 66812 61421 47836 12609 15373 98481 14592 138 66831 68908 40772 21558 47781 33586 79177 06928 139 55588 99404 70708 41098 43563 56934 48394 51719 140 12975 13258 13048 45144

Should You Be a Communications Major

Should You Be a Communications Major SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Most colleges offer a communications major. In fact, you probably know at least a few people who plan to major or are currently majoring in the field. What exactly does a communications major entail in terms of coursework and skills? And what kinds of jobs and salaries can you expect with a communications degree? Read on to learn what a communications major is, what the most popular jobs for communications majors are, and what the job outlook is for each major job option. We’ll also provide you with some tips on how to determine whether a communications major is the right path for you. What Is a Communications Major? A communications major (also called a communication major or a communication studies major) is the study of how to effectively communicate different types of information in various fields such as journalism/media, business, politics, and law. As a communications major, you’ll learn how to research and analyze information and how to clearly and cogently communicate topics through writing and speaking. You will take courses in research strategies, theory, rhetoric, public speaking, writing, and journalism/media. According to the website Communication Studies, undergraduate communications courses can be grouped into two categories: theory-based courses and skills-based courses. Whereas theory-based classes deal with different types of communication (e.g., political vs virtual communication), skills-based courses emphasize the application and mastery of key skills, including public speaking, group communication, and public relations. For most undergraduate communications programs, you’ll be required to take a handful of core communications courses. These are typically taken during the first two years of undergrad in order to provide you with a basic foundation for your communications major. The exact core courses your communications major will require depends on the school you attend. For example, communication majors at Stanford must take an introductory comm course in addition to classes on research methods, media processes, and writing. Similarly, comm majors at UCLA must take intro comm courses as well as area courses centering on mass communication, interpersonal communication, communication technology, and political and legal communication. Because communications is such a broad field, many colleges offer specific concentrations to communications majors. This allows comm students to specialize in a particular area. At UMass Amherst, for instance, possible comm subfields include interpersonal communication and culture, media and popular culture studies, and film studies. Meanwhile, comm majors can specialize in one of three subfields at The Ohio State University: Communication Analysis and Practice, New Media and Communication Technology, and Strategic Communication. What Can You Do With a Communications Degree? Now that you know exactly what a communications degree entails, what can you do with it once you graduate college and enter the workforce? What are popular communications major jobs? As I mentioned, communications is a pretty broad field- meaning there’s actually a lot you can do with your major, depending on what your concentration is, what kind of job/career you want, and whether you plan to get an advanced degree. Here are some common fields communications majors often work in: Advertising Business Corporate management Customer service Education Film production Government/politics Graphic design Healthcare Human resources (HR) International relations (IR) Journalism Law Marketing Public relations (PR) Sales Social media Social work Writing/editing Below is a list of potential communications major jobs you could get. Note that for some jobs, such as lawyers, you must have further education in the form of advanced degrees, training, etc.: Announcer Author Brand manager Communications director Creative director Educational administrator Event planner/manager Foreign correspondent Graphic designer HR specialist/manager/coordinator Journalist/reporter Labor relations specialist/manager Lawyer Lobbyist Market researcher Marketing director Media planner/coordinator Media relations manager Newscaster Political scientist Politician Producer Professor PR specialist Sales representative Social media manager Translator/interpreter Writer/editor (including copywriter, scriptwriter, speechwriter, and technical writer) Communications Major: Salary and Job Outlook As we saw above, there’s a big number of jobs and careers you can have with a communications major. Consequently, your job outlook and salary potential as a communications major will depend mostly on the field you enter. Here is an overview of the (median) salaries for various communications major jobs and their job outlooks in terms of projected employment growth rates. Note that any number in the negatives means that decline in employment is expected instead of growth. All information is from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Currently, the average employment growth rate in the US is 7%. Any rate that is more than 1% higher than this average signifies growth, while any rate more than 1% lower indicates a decline. All jobs in the chart below are arranged from highest to lowest (median) salary: Job Title Median Salary (2017) Employment Growth Rate (2016-2026) Advertising, Promotions, and Marketing Managers $129,380 10% Sales Managers $121,060 7% Lawyers* $119,250 8% Political Scientists* $115,110 3% Public Relations and Fundraising Managers $111,280 10% Human Resources Managers $110,120 9% Training and Development Managers $108,250 10% Art Directors $92,500 5% Postsecondary Education Administrators* $92,360 10% Postsecondary Teachers* $76,000 15% Technical Writers $70,930 11% Purchasing Managers, Buyers, and Purchasing Agents $66,610 -3% Social and Community Service Managers $64,100 18% Market Research Analysts $63,230 23% Labor Relations Specialists $63,200 -8% Writers and Authors $61,820 8% Human Resources Specialists $60,350 7% Public Relations Specialist $59,300 9% Editors $58,770 -1% Insurance Sales Agents $49,710 10% Advertising Sales Agents $49,680 -4% Graphic Designers $48,700 4% Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners $48,290 11% Interpreters and Translators $47,190 18% Reporters, Correspondents, and Broadcast News Analysts $40,910 -9% Announcers $31,500 -9% *Master’s and/or doctoral degree typically required. As you can see from this chart, there is a big array of salaries and employment growth rates for communications majors depending on what job you get. The highest-grossing jobs are typically managerial positions and jobs that require advanced degrees, such as lawyers, political scientists, and college professors. Know, however, that it’ll likely take a lot of time and experience before you can reach this salary level (or higher). In other words, don't expect to be getting this salary straight out of undergrad. By contrast, jobs with the lowest salaries are usually those that require a high amount of independent work and little leadership skill, from designers and translators to announcers. Many of these positions can be considered entry-level jobs, as they're more likely to be open to those with minimal work experience. By looking at the employment growth rates for all the jobs listed above, we can see that there are clear differences between the communications jobs that are in high demand and those that are gradually falling in importance. Jobs with faster-than-average growth rates include market research analysts (23%), interpreters and translators (18%), and social and community service managers (18%). These are excellent jobs for communications majors to get, as there is a growing demand for them. Meanwhile, jobs that can expect declines include reporters and correspondents (-9%), announcers (-9%), and labor relations specialists (-8%). As a result, communications majors will be better off avoiding these types of jobs, since they're not in demand right now. Is a Communications Degree Right for You? So far, we’ve taken a look at what a communications major is, what kinds of jobs you can get with a communications degree, and what salaries and employment growth rates you can expect. With all this information in mind, you’re probably wondering: is a communications degree right for you? Here are three questions to ask yourself to help you decide whether you should go for a communications major or not: #1: Do You Have a Passion for Communicating With Others? First things first, are you absolutely passionate about communicating with others? Do you enjoy facilitating and improving communication, be it in written or spoken form (or both)? If so, then a communications major sounds like a great fit for your skills and career goals. Remember, communications is ultimately about, well, communicating. So if you love writing, connecting with audiences, and giving presentations, you'll most certainly enjoy this major- and be more likely to utilize it in a career you love. #2: Do You Have a Specific Field or Concentration in Mind? Although you don’t need to have everything decided before you declare a communications major, it’s a good idea to take some time to think about what types of subfields or concentrations within the communications field interest you most. For example, if you’re a great writer, you might want to explore a concentration in journalism or media. A fan of politics? Look into political communication. Hoping to break into graphic design? Consider an emphasis in visual communication. It's your choice and yours alone. (Note that the communications concentrations available to you will ultimately depend on what’s offered at your particular college.) Being able to narrow your focus early on can help you eventually look for (and land) jobs that target your specific area of expertise, since you’ll know exactly what kind of field you're hoping to work in and will have all the applicable skills and knowledge necessary to do well in it. It’ll also help you figure out ahead of time whether your field will be easier or harder to break into (i.e., whether it has a high employment growth rate or a low/negative growth rate). If you don’t have a specific concentration in mind, you might find it harder to figure out what it is you want to do with your communications degree once you graduate college. Ultimately, it’s better to spend your time as a communications major developing specific skills that’ll serve you well in a particular field rather than overly general skills that won’t make you stand apart from other job applicants. #3: Are You OK With Getting an Advanced Degree If Necessary? As we discussed above, some communications majors go on to enter specialized professions in fields such as law, politics, or education. If your interest lies in a specialized field, be sure to ask yourself whether you’d be OK with having to get a master’s degree or doctorate after receiving a bachelor’s degree in communications. This isn’t just about time but also money. Do you have enough funds to get yourself through multiple years of grad school? If not, are you open to taking out loans? Do you have a particular career in mind that you believe is worth going to grad school for? That being said, having an advanced degree and meeting all prerequisites for a job doesn’t guarantee that you'll get hired. This is especially true for college professors. If your goal is to become a full-time professor, you can bet that it’ll take far more than a doctorate to actually get you there. Why is this? The reality is that many jobs that require applicants to have an advanced degree also expect them to have ample experience (e.g., internships) and/or a prominent professional presence (e.g., academic publications). These high expectations for candidates are mainly due to how competitive certain jobs have become in recent years. In short, be sure to weigh the pros and cons of attending grad school for the communications career you’re considering pursuing. Should You Be a Communications Major? Key Takeaways Communications is one of the broadest majors out there, letting students study tons of skills and pursue an array of careers. In general, a communications major is the study of communicating, interpreting, and analyzing different types of information. Most colleges that have a communications major offer specific concentrations or subfields for students to select from as part of their communications degree; these often include themes such as visual communication, political communication, and media. Communications majors can choose from many career paths and fields, from public relations and advertising to graphic design and translation. Job outlooks can vary significantly depending on the field, so it’s important to keep this factor into consideration as you decide which concentration you want to do for your communications major. Finally, in order to determine whether a communications degree is right for you, ask yourself the following three questions: Do you have a passion for communicating with others? Do you have a specific field or concentration in mind? Are you OK with getting an advanced degree if necessary? No matter what you decide to major in, know that a communications major is a great choice for many students- and you might just be one of them! What’s Next? Considering studying journalism or graphic design in college? Then take a look at our lists of the best journalism schools and the best graphic design schools in the US! Struggling to figure out what you should major in? Check out our five expert tips to help you select the best college major based on your interests and goals. If you're looking for a low-key major, we also have a guide to the easiest majors for your bachelor's degree here. Do you love to communicate in foreign languages, or hope to be able to do so one day? Then you'll definitely want to read my guide on why you should consider majoring in a foreign language. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Year 3 - Abnormal Psychology Essay (Dementia vs Cognitive impairments)

Year 3 - Abnormal Psychology (Dementia vs Cognitive impairments) - Essay Example nvolves the problem as those concerned seldom seek proper guidance as it has become a common practice to resolve into the belief that such changes are consequent to the aging process. There is a degree of negligent perception from the medical practitioner responsible for the patient and for the family of those who suffer that become complacent into thinking it is normal and to be expected. It is relative to our mortality that for the luckiest of us, we follow the cycle of life and we grow old and then wither. The lack of concern that society often disregards old people is nothing less than an irony of our life. We refuse to acknowledge older people as we dismiss them easily in favor of the everyday problems that we face and regard as matter of life and death. It is a bittersweet reality that whether we like it or not, we are one day to replace those older people as we age ourselves. In this we experience the same physical and mental problems that they endure in their life. It thus seems more than proper to be empathic in their complaints and gripes that may be possibly remedied with proper attention. The aging process entails many changes that occur and radically alters everyday living. Imperative changes in the body results to physiological mechanisms declining that are common as a person ages. These should be identified as it is helpful in the management of problems that arise with it. The least problematic of this is gestation as taste receptors are replaced on a regular basis disparate to neural cells. A somatosensory problem that compromises their ability to regulate their temperature is also diminished. This could affect their tolerance for pain which may hinder their capacity to recognize symptoms and result to problems progressing before detection. Another includes sensory deficiency in auditory and visual facility (How may sensory changes affect the everyday lives of older people?). It was found that 1 out 8 Americans over 65 have Alzheimer’s disease

Historical Conversation Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Historical Conversation Project - Essay Example These forms of discriminations are the one which were supposedly left behind and abolished by the Jim Crow rulings. These same things that were abolished are suddenly made legal once a person is branded as a criminal. Thus according to the words of Michelle Alexander the racial cast system in America has not ended but has been redesigned. The situation has come to a level that the criminal justice system in America functions in a way as a racial and social control than as a system for crime prevention and control. Millions of children in the United States grow up believing that they too will one day go to jail. The young people are often targeted at young ages often before they are old enough to vote and then these children are stopped frisked searched and interrogated. When these children are arrested they are typically arrested for a relatively minor non violent offence. The offence they are acquitted for are mostly drug related offence. However the startling fact to note over here is that when the same crimes are committed by middle class children of white communities, it gets largely ignored. The blacks are arrested, swept in and are branded as criminals and felons and are ushered into a permanent second class status from which these people will never be able to escape. In the Jim Crow era poll taxes and literacy tests were used to keep the black people away from voting right. Today the same things are accomplished albeit in a much bigger proportions by a different set of laws.

Chicano wedding customs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chicano wedding customs - Essay Example Sometimes, two rosaries are connected with a small loop and each rosary is placed around the neck of one partner. The meaning of the white lasso or the rosary is to represent the unity of the new family (Castro 243-249). Chinano weddings are characterized by presence of traditional as well as gospel music of Catholic Church. This is because Chinano customs are based on Catholic tradition. The music custom symbolizes the happiness of the wedding ceremony and the happiness of the marriage. However, the length at which the music festivals and parades are done depends on the social and financial wellbeing of the families that are wedding. For rich families, the music festivals may last for a week (Gaspar de Alba 73-80). Based on the fact that Chinano traditions are connected with Catholic beliefs, Chinano weddings are characterized by the statue of virgin Mary. Several statues are placed in different positions within the wedding arena. Again, the possible significance of the Virgin Mary statue is to represent the sanctity of the wedding and value of the marriage (Stacy

Arguments For And Against A Deterrence Justification Criminology Essay

Arguments For And Against A Deterrence Justification Criminology Essay The idea that punishment requires some sort of justification is because it is seen to involve some of infliction of suffering or pain (Bentham, 1789, p 45) and as a result can only truly be justified if its consequences are deemed to be beneficial (Bentham, 1789, p 45). The idea of deterrence is to stop individuals committing further offences, known as individual deterrence but to also by deterring potential offenders within the community from committing a similar offence. Zimring and Hawkins (1973, p 40) suggest this to be known as general deterrence, and works on the basis that punishment such as prison sentences deters criminals due to the fear of the punishment (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 300). Punishment is hoped to achieve particular aims by implementing different theories of sentencing, depending on the sentencing policy will depend on the balance between six different theories. Within deterrence theory, offenders and potential offenders must be evaluated, and it must be decided as to what will make an impact on them. The idea of deterrence aims to make potential offenders think about their actions and the likely consequences of them (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 240). Therefore it could be seen that deterrence approaches show little concern with the severity of the crime committed, but more so with the prevention of the crime being committed again, and could therefore be seen by some as ignoring the problem of crime (Ashworth, p 1078). However, deterrence is not always designed to punish people however, but to stop those committing further offences, focusing on how actions will affect their future behaviour (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p, 249), and this can be seen through absolute discharges for example, the idea to act as a warning to not commit a further offence or they will be punished (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 249). This is a similar idea to what is used in everyday life theory underpinning a threat issued to encourage people to comply with rules or refrain from infringing them (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 245). A problem arises however, when deciding what is expected to deter others, Bentham (1789, p 1079) and more recently Walker (1991, p 1079) suggest that an appropriate action to be setting penalties to outweigh the benefits of committing an offence, however this relies on the premise that those who commit crime are rational thinkers and that are responsible for their actions. This premise however, causes conflict as to whether or not criminals are in fact rational within their actions or whether crime is in fact an act of impulse. Early examples of deterrence, such as the Panopticon, as designed by Bentham (1971, p 26) suggested a circular, tiered building with inward looking cells, towards a central inspection tower, to promote the idea that behaviour within prisons would be regulated as prisoners would not know if they were being watched and therefore would behave. The idea also being that the Panopticon would be placed near a city centre, so it would be seen as a reminder to the community of the consequences of crime thus reinforcing the idea of general deterrence. In some circumstances deterrence approaches have appeared to work, Ross et al (1970, p 68) suggested that after the introduction of the Breathalyzer in 1967, and taking into account other external factors, reported a drop in all road casualties. Similarly, Condon (1994, p 246) reported that after a high number of fatalities on roads in West London, after speed cameras were introduced, these fatalities were reduced by one third. However, these studies are examples of offences which may be more likely to be thought about, on the basis that the probability of being caught may be deemed to be high, or linked to the consequences of their actions and the value that someone places on holding a license. The Home Office (1990, p 296) suggested that although some criminals appear to be calculating and balance risk and gain, much crime conducted is acted upon impulse and therefore would be unrealistic to construct a sentencing system designed to deter, on the basis that most would not think about the consequences in advance. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 246) also suggest that the most serious of criminal acts are often not calculated and therefore many would not consider getting caught. However, others disagree, and believe that not all crimes are random, and it is likely that calculations about the likelihood of being caught are likely to weighed up, and as a result may well deter some people from the decision to commit an offence, but this would require significant measurement of why some people decide to act or not act with criminal intent (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 300) Von Hirsh and Ashworth (1993, p 296) reported that new law stated that the primary purpose for the sentencer should be with the aim of desert, rather than deterrence. If the idea that crime is based on criminals being calculating and balancing the options of risk and gain, then therefore punishment should not be pre-determined, but should vary on what offenders consider to be a non-desirable punishment in order to deter them, therefore their punishment need be flexible, and this may not be seen to be fair or just but should be seen to be effective and suit the notion that anything should be done (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 246). It could also be seen that the idea of individual and general deterrence to be in conflict, if the idea of punishment is to punish on the basis of what deters an individual from re-offending then this may not be what would deter other potential offenders from committing a similar offence in the first instance. By implementing differential sentences then this reflects the view to change individual behaviour, but to deter the public, and therefore potential offenders sentences need to be fixed and certain regardless of age or circumstances (Wilson and Hernstein, p 34). Akers (1997, p 40) suggests that certainty of getting caught is more effective in deterring crime than the severity of punishment, however as Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 299) suggest that as only 2% of crimes result in a conviction, the assumption is that people are likely to deem the chances of being punished very low, therefore as Akers (1997, p 40) suggest if punishment is less certain, punishment must be more severe in order to deter in order for people to believe that they have more to lose than gain from committing a crime. Beyleveld (1978, p 40) agrees with Akers, that punishment should be increased to maintain effective deterrence, and suggests that the only way to deter different people with varying offences and circumstances is to set punishment out of proportion with the severity of the crime. However, Wright (1982, p 40) suggests that this may just encourage criminals to try harder to avoid detection for their crimes and that punishment should fit the crime. On the other hand, Beadau (1964, p 40) and Beyleveld (1979, p 40) have both suggested that the abolishment of the death penalty had no impact on the murder rates in the USA and UK respectively. Therefore, the severity of punishment could be seen to have little impact on the offending rates, and that other factors must be involved in the decision to commit a crime. Walker (1985, p 40) suggests that capital punishment is no more effective as a deterrence than imprisonment and that in most circumstances, murder is not a rational choice and therefore, the punishment is irrelevant and a deterrence effect is unlikely. It is therefore unjustifiable to construct punishment on the basis of deterrence, if it was never the intention to commit a criminal act. Wright (1993 p 8) addressed modern theories of the certainty and severity of punishment and rational choice theories suggest that people make decisions to act based on the choice to maximise profit and minimise loss, therefore the decisions to offend are based on perceived effort and reward rather than the chances of being caught and the severity of punishment (Becker 1986, p 8). Nonetheless, Charles Murray, in Does Prison Work? (1997 p 300) concludes that incarceration solves the problem of crime and that prison is the most effective way of deterring crime, short of the death penalty. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 299) propose another problem with the idea of deterrence approaches to punishment is that there are high reconviction rates that show the majority of those who have been imprisoned will be reconvicted within two years, and therefore if punishment sees to be ineffective to prevent re-offending then a deterrence approach to punishment is unjustifiable and invalid (Bentham, p 57) Martin and Webster (1971, p 40) suggest that in some circumstances punishment may push individuals into a situation where they may have little to lose from re-offending, such as a lack of opportunities due to previous convictions, or loss of family. This also promotes a similar idea to labelling theorists who suggest that the notion of being caught and stigmatised may lead to an individual committing further offending. Chambliss (1969, p 157) reports that the criminal legal system is ineffective as it processes people who are least likely to be deterred from the punishment imposed, whilst ignoring any harsh treatment of those who would be deterred by such sanctions, maintaining organizational power. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 34) also suggest that this can create a moral dilemma as those perceived by the courts as being less likely to offend will receive shorter or less harsh sentences than someone perceived more likely to re-offend, and therefore this maintains inequalities within the legal system and makes it harder to reinforce the view that deterrence is a valid concept for punishment. Overall it appears that there is much conflict as to if deterrence theory is a valid justification of punishment. Ross (1973, p 68) argues that the effect that deterrence has is due to the subjective probability of sanctions, and although there is some evidence as to what is considered effective examples of deterrence approaches, most studies are reported to be inconclusive. Therefore it can only be seen that the result of deterrence theory will depend on what is considered as value and as a risk to the individual, on the basis that crime is calculated. However there is little agreement as to what makes up this calculation, whether it is the likelihood of punishment, the type of crime, the severity of punishment. How criminals are perceived by sentencers in the criminal justice system reflects how they are treated, if they are perceived as calculating then it would be logical to propose heavier sentences, but if it is deemed to be an irrational factor than this would be illogical as a deterrence approach. Deterrence theory causes conflict with punishment as there is little consistency within sentencing to maintain effective deterrence, and although the view may be to deter individuals from re-offending, which has proved to be inconclusive, there is little evidence to show that flexibility within the sentencing process maintains general deterrence. Another problem with this approach it the idea of proportionality, and again this links to how the offender or potential offender is perceived by the criminal justice system. One of the main objections is that it focuses on the individual behaviour and the preconceptions of expected future behaviour, rather than focusing on the criminal act itself and the reasoning behind the offences, such as external factors, commonly linked to retributive approaches. Overall it would appear that there needs to be further investigation into the conception of human behaviour to explore reasoning, rational and irrational behind individual motivational states to carry out a criminal act.

Relationship of Philosophy with Real Life :: essays research papers

Philosophy has a strong influence on everyone’s day-to-day life. We all enrich our lives by thinking about things with a substantial value. We use philosophy as a sort of roadmap to direct us through our lives. We, of course, take other things into consideration while we are going through our day, but philosophy is one of the more ample ones.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Philosophy is, according to the dictionary, â€Å"Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom†. This applies to my life, when I am in school and when I am out of school. When I am in classes, I use the available knowledge in books, the lovely newspaper articles from English class (hehe), and the brains of teachers, in order to aid in my ‘hunt’. Wisdom is something that interests almost all of us. It provides us with answers to the everyday problems we run into, and curbs our curiosity. When I am out of school, I read novels in order to expand my imagination, and learn about what happened in the past. The fiction novels I read, allow me to learn about abstract and surreal ideas. I try to dedicate time from my schedule in order to read, because not only does it provide entertainment, but it also allows the intelligence of humans to travel beyond just what is sensible. The intelligence should consist of real hard facts, as well as fictional thoughts as well. I also watch the news about events that are happening around the world. Everyone should do this activity, because you gain insight on mistakes that have happened, and information on how challenges affect people. By integrating both ideal thoughts and real facts, it helps create a better-rounded persona, which is one of the outlining definitions of philosophy. This idea is expressed in the following quote â€Å"the science of truths sensible and abstract†.

Models for Interest Rate Risk Essay

Interest risk is the possibility of unexpected adverse changes in interest revenues and expenses. It can be shown that interest rate changes are unpredictable almost 100%. They depend on monetary policy; supply and demand, inflation etc. These in turn depend on many other factors. So how do financial institutions manage the risk of fluctuating interest rates give that they cannot predict it? The immunization of a portfolio against interest rate risk means that the portfolio will neither gain nor lose value if interest rates change. In this essay we will look at some of the different models used by financial institutions for managing interest rate risk. They are the re-pricing model, the maturity model and the duration model. We will describe them and evaluate the comparative advantages and disadvantages each model assumes. Firstly we consider the re-pricing model. It is a balance sheet where assets and liabilities are grouped according to the time periods in which the different assets and liabilities are rate sensitive. Assets or liabilities are rate sensitive within a given time period if the values of each are subject to receiving a different interest rate should market rates change. These groupings are referred to as ‘maturity buckets’. Then ‘Gap analysis’ is conducted where the rate sensitive liabilities are subtracted from rate sensitive assets for each maturity bucket. This is called the GAP. It can be shown that GAP * interest change = net interest income (or profit) change or the interest margin. We can also calculate the cumulative gap(CGAP) by adding up the gaps in the brackets over a period of time, for example 1 year.

The importance of strategic leadership in the global business environment

The importance of strategic leadership in the global business environment Introduction The kind of leadership approaches used by management in an organization is crucial in determining whether the set vision, goals and objectives will be attained.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of strategic leadership in the global business environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strategic leadership A strategy refers to an action plan. The plan is communicated to staff and they are motivated in attaining results. There are four approaches that are used by strategic leaders; these are classical, rational, evolutionary and systematic. Strategic Leadership Management There is a difference between management and leadership. Leadership on the other hand is creative, innovative and proactive. With the changing and highly competitive global business environment it is paramount for the company to practice strategic leadership. There are the internal changes that may involve changes in corpora te policies, financial constraints and strategy and external forces of change which include changes in customer demands, the political environment and technology Corporate Parenting Corporate parenting refers to the level of controls a company has over its subsidiaries and associate companies. There are three levels of corporate parenting. There are three levels of corporate parenting; financial, strategic and intervention. Globalization Globalization has many merits with the consumer being the major beneficiary. The idea of monopolies is defeated as businesses are forced to compete globally. The quality of products a company offers has to be very high. It increases specialization in the companies. Global Strategy and the Current challenges In today’s global business environment, strategic leadership is required. In strategic organizations, the leader expresses a vision for the global organization and motivates the people towards achieving that vision. Decisions have to be ma de on which foreign markets to invest in and what products to sell. There are many factors to be considered when getting involved in foreign markets such as the legal environment, the social and cultural environment and the competitive environment. Conclusion Strategic leadership is integral in maintaining a successful and sustainable global strategy. To be inflexible and static would lead to the death of any company competing in the global markets.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Introduction The kind of leadership approaches used by management in an organization are crucial in determining whether the set vision, mission, goals and objectives will be attained. In today’s turbulent global market the kind of leadership that is required is strategic leadership. Strategic  Leadership:  A strategy refers to an action plan. In an organization, the management communicates to the staff an action plan. The leader motivates them to work hard to achieve results. It is all about setting goals and objectives and achieving them over time (Cole, 1997). The main challenge for the strategic leader is the environment in which the business operates in. There is such uncertainty and risk in today’s business environment. The leaders have to make decisions based on volatile knowledge as it keeps changing daily (Guillot, 2003). Leaders are faced with making tough decisions. To some extent strategic management is an intuitive and philosophical undertaking (Parnell, 2003). The decisions plans have to be feasible and realistic and at the same time the most profitable to the organization. The leader considers the benefits of achieving the strategy and finds the challenges worthwhile (Morebusiness.com Editors, 2007).  There are four approaches that are used by strategic leaders (Whittington, 2002). The first approach is the classical theory where th e objective of the leaders is profit making.  Ã‚  Rational thinking is used to attain it. If a business is not profitable it is discarded. The second theory, evolutionary theory is different in that it does not focus on rationality alone. The environment in which the business is operating in is a critical factor. A radical kind of thinking and flexibility is required in complex and dynamic environments. By firms operating strategically in the dynamic environment, they ensure continuity of the organization (Ansoff, 1985). Many scholars have argued classical approach is irrelevant since it does not put into consideration the current dynamic environments (Skaik, 2009). The markets really determine who will stay in business. Very few businesses survive in the dynamic markets. The evolutionary method argues that markets are tough and unpredictable. It assumes the managers may not have the ability to establish long term strategies. Tough competition has to be dealt with by the companies struggling to survive. Companies will not succeed through rational thinking and calculation alone. In the processual approach the company considers the diverse realities on the ground. In this theory the managers consider the several individuals in the company and the different goals they may have. The goals have to be synchronized towards a common goal. Secondly the managers have to be aggressive since the markets are too messy and confused to be left in control of the company. In the systemic approach the company appreciates the role of the social environment on the company (Cuizon, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of strategic leadership in the global business environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The family, religion and State have a huge impact on strategy. These relationships dictate how the staff members should conduct themselves. The leaders are optimistic they will be efficient and effective. Strategic Leadership and Management: There is a difference between management and leadership. Management ensures work is done. Managers focus on the daily directing and controlling activities. It is the authority and role given to them by the organization. The managerial skills are a great asset though deficient in the current fast-paced changing environment (Coach4growth Editors, 2010). This is because management is mostly reactive to situations. Reactive leaders worry about the day, they are tactical and operational. They do nothing to offset most of the future risk (CMOE Editors, 2010). They may even resist change instead of adapting to it and seeing the opportunities and competitive advantages therein.  Managers end up doing a lot of fire-fighting and are not proactive. Energy is spent mostly on resolving issues instead of analyzing the local and global environment. A manager has a vision and a goal but that is hardly enough. Leadership is creative, innovative a nd proactive (Sullivan, 2006). With the changing and highly competitive global business environment, it is paramount for the company to practice strategic leadership. Leaders anticipate troubles and opportunities. They are highly observant and aware of their surroundings and the changes therein. To a leader flexibility means staying open to opportunities as they arise (Mazur, 2010). They observe the emerging trends and patterns and adjust to the changing business climate. The forces of change a company faces are of two types. The first one is an internal change that may involve changes in corporate policies, financial constraints and changes in strategy. External forces of change include changes in customer demands, the political environment and technology. Leaders carry out Swot analysis in a bid to achieve a competitive advantage edge. They actively involve themselves in action-oriented plans. They communicate a strategy to the people and motivate them to achieve it. The leader is different in that above having vision and goals he is able to â€Å"sell† the vision to the people. He motivates them to buy the vision and aggressively pursue it. The leader is involved in inspiring staff to be self-driven. It may even involve using participative models for leadership such as teamwork. Leaders are more aware of change and guide the organization towards continuous improvement and learning. They are change agents where the managers would be satisfied with maintaining the status quo. There have been many arguments about the differences in leadership and management. In the global environment strategic leadership and management skills are both very important. The strategic leader should also be able to handle day to day tasks and at the same time be forward looking considering change and opportunities for growth. Being a leader with no managerial qualities will not help as one will not be able to operate the vision.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corporate Parenting: Corporate parenting refers to the level of controls a company has over its subsidiaries and associate companies (Scribd Editors, 2010). There are three levels of corporate parenting. The first level refers to the financial controls that the parent company has over the business subsidiaries. The individual companies may carry out business activities and make decisions but the parent company sets the performance standards, goals and budgets for the subsidiaries. The parent company secondly has strategic control over the business unit. This is achieved by the parent company coming up with the common goal and vision. It ensures there is unity in all the business units towards achieving the common purpose. The third level of control is through intervention. When any issues arise in the business units the parent company intervenes and provides the ultimate control and decisions. Corporate parenting raises pertinent questions. What businesses should a company own? What are the organizational structures, management processes and philosophies that will enable the company to have superior performance compared to their competitors? It is unfortunate that most planning processes aim at developing the company at the business level and not at the global level yet the parenting strategy brings competitive advantage by controlling businesses that would potentially be independent (Campbell,1995). The parent company guides the individual businesses financial spending. It also acts as a central point connecting the subsidiaries to one another. Furthermore the parent company provides competent departmental functions. The parent company makes wise decisions in acquisitions, joint ventures and divestments. The newer business being adopted into existing corporations to some extent will not struggle. They will get a wealth of resources to draw from the parent company. A brand name and market presence have already been created to a certain level. There are policie s, procedures and a vision in place. However there may be certain factors to consider. The strategic leader has to ensure that the implemented policies fit well in the new venture’s environment otherwise there will be frustration. The parent company helps the ventures control costs. However reporting to the parent company works like a double-edged sword whereby there are benefits and costs (Miller, 1991). Where there is bureaucracy in decision making, subsidiaries may miss out on opportunities due to decision delay concerning product launches. There has to be a balance in the controls the parent company exerts over other business units. Globalization: There are numerous advantages of globalization. The consumer is the real winner in the globalised market (Nash, 2008). The idea of monopolies is defeated as businesses are forced to compete globally. The quality of products a company offers has to be very high. It increases specialization in the companies. Consumers do not have to buy overpriced goods from local companies. They can now buy the goods at a cheaper price from international companies that incur less manufacturing costs. The company benefits as they gain access to wider markets. The benefit of globalization for employees is career advancement as the company grows in staff numbers (Exforsys Inc Editors, 2000). On the other hand globalization may serve to slow down the processes in a company. It may take a long time to come up with a decision where there is bureaucracy. The management and leadership skills in a certain place may not be effective in another location. The company has to adjust culturally to the new target locations. The employees may end up stagnating in the large human resource pool. These are just a few of the changes that the leader faces. These global challenges need to be handled aggressively and strategically. Global Strategy and the Current challenges:  Ã‚  In today’s global business environment, strategic leadershi p is required. The strategic leader expresses a vision for the global organization and motivates the people towards achieving that vision (Juneju, 1998). Such a leader is loyal to the vision. Furthermore he keeps the people updated on the challenges and changes of the vision and the ways of achieving that vision. They are skilled in giving instructions. They are not dictatorial at all. They are listeners able to gain the confidence and trust of the staff (Aiman, 2007). A strategic leader must have a global perspective and be very innovative. Global strategy is planned at an international level since a company wants to take advantage of the global markets. Decisions have to be made on which foreign markets to invest in and what products to sell. Are there markets for the company products in the new target markets? How will the company products be promoted in the particular countries? There are many factors to be considered when getting involved in foreign markets such as the legal en vironment, the social and cultural environment and the competitive environment. The new markets are necessary as a company finds itself in its locale with a saturated market. Expanding globally to new markets increases the sales of the company. For example in the 1990’s 40% of the sales of coca cola’s sales came from foreign markets. This accounted for 60% of the company’s profits (Mote, 2010). Another advantage of engaging in global strategy is risk diversification. A company is no longer so vulnerable to the locale low economic cyclic.  Ã‚  A strategic leader needs to have forecasting and analytical skills to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company globally. Global strategy does not only refer to the handling of foreign markets of the company but also the handling of the inflow of global competition within the local country. One of the challenges is on how to create a strong market presence in the foreign country. Currentl y strategic leaders have been facing several challenges. The first one is change. Recently there was a global financial crisis in the Western countries that also trickled down to subsidiary countries. The housing crisis, high energy prices and over-extension of consumer debt led to many companies almost going bankrupt. This led to high loss of jobs (Dean, 2008). The global companies had to cut costs resulting to retrenchment and offers of early retirement. Companies such as audit firms had to let go of some of their employees in their subsidiary companies in Africa. The leader has to be innovative and resilient. This is a crisis that leaders learnt from and they realized the importance of diversifying their sources of income. Apart from economic changes there are political, environmental and legal changes that may take place in a country. The global crisis necessitated the change in the transaction laws. Risk of the transaction now is considered and weighed highly. The strategic lea der should always be aware of the expert arguments and discussions in the economic sectors. The issue of global warming is a hot issue now. Companies that use eco-friendly forms of energy are viewed more positively. Strategic leaders need to view this form of energy as not only cost-saving but opportunities to offer new products and services (Deloitte Editors, 2010) Firms that adapt rapidly to changes will be highly profitable. Global operations also bring in the second challenge of complexity of the organization’s operations. As the company expands the management is faced with the challenges of controlling activities that are beyond the country’s borders. The company now involves more staff. For companies engaged in the US, there is a growing trend of an aging workforce. These are the children born after the Second World War Two who are also referred to as ‘baby boomers’ (Larson, 2009). Families are more conscious and deliberate on the number of children they should have. They have mostly decided it is less. In Germany the death rate is higher than the birth rate. This has been the case for the last twenty years. Companies in that country outsource jobs to India. India has a high population and is a leading economy in outsourcing services. In Russia the population for the last ten years has been decreasing. The strategic company should have policies that are equitable and fair towards an aging workforce. It should also be flexible and engage in outsourcing human manpower. The companies in the global environment will be dealing with three kinds of age groups. In the West the aging workforce may dominate but in India and Africa there are a lot of young people. The management also needs to be able to handle older women well. With the financial crisis, retirement plans have changed and they will retire later. Thirdly there is strong competition in global markets. First of all there are the protected companies in the developing countries that enjoy tax incentives. They incur lower costs of production enabling them to sell their products cheaper. Lately there have been trade agreements being formed among countries in order to deal with the effects of globalization. In Africa there will be the formation of the East Africa Community for countries in the East Africa Region. Through trade agreements there is minimization of costs among member countries. It also encourages peace and cooperation (Divya, 2009) In Europe the use of the Euro single currency has helped the participating countries gain prominence in global markets. With the recent global financial crisis there will be higher cooperation between these member countries. Maintaining the monetary union will benefit all the member countries. The first company in a foreign market industry no longer enjoys being the lead for long since the market gets saturated and the competition keeps increases. Globally any company has to deal with the successful emerging economie s of India and China. India provides a lot of goods while India is at the forefront providing services. Companies have had to move offshore in search of new markets. A company should provide superior and high quality products.  Ã‚  A company may choose to be the low cost provider in a price sensitive market. Another strategy may be product differentiation. The final and very important challenge for a company is ethics and culture. An important aspect of global strategy is the moral and ethical practices of the country in the target countries. Issues of global social responsibility will definitely arise. The company may need to get involved in community initiatives in order to improve their image in the eyes of the locals. The company should ensure they practice honest advertising. The consumer should be educated on the product uses, dangers and side effects if any. This is a big challenge as shareholders desire to maximize profit. Another challenge is the change in the faces of th e family unit in the workplace. With the tough economic times both parents are forced to work. Companies have to include child care as one of their work incentives in order to increase the workers job mobility. The parents need workplaces that will take care of their babies as they work. Thirdly a company has to carry out a thorough research of the target market. Several companies due to inadequate research have launched products with ineffective names or marketing ads in their target countries. An example is when in the 1970’s General Motors attempted to market its Nova automobile in the country of Mexico. This proved difficult since the Mexican translation of the word Nova means â€Å"No go†. Another disaster occurred when  Ã‚  Brannif, an airline company, was selling its leather covered seats in the same country. The company had a slogan of Sentando en cuero. Unfortunately the words translate into sit naked. There was also the fiasco of the company Pepsodent marke ting its toothpaste that whitens teeth yet in South East Asia, yellow and black teeth are acceptable. In fact they are a sign of status. Conclusion: In light of all the mentioned factors, strategic leadership is integral in maintaining a successful and sustainable global strategy. To be inflexible and static would lead to the death of any company competing in the global markets Reference List Aiman. (2007). Strategic leadership approach.  Associated Content. Web. Ansoff H. (1985). Implementing Strategic Management. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs. Print. Campbell, A., Michael G., Marcus A. (1995). Corporate strategy: The quest for parenting advantage  Harvard business review  The magazine, March-April. Web. Mazur, H. (2010). Strategic Thinking and Planning-Overcome the challenges and Soar  EvanCarmicheal.com. Web. CMOE Editors (2010). The Forces of Change and Informal Strategic Leadership. Centre for management and organizational effectiveness. Web. Coach4growth Editors (2010) .  Leadership vs. Management: What are the Characteristics of a Leader and a Manager.  Coach4growth.com. Web. Cole, G. (1997). Strategic Management. London: Letts Educational. Print. Cuizon G. (2009)  Ã‚  Theories of Action in Business Strategy: Classical, Evolutionary, Processual and Systemic Approaches. Suite101.com(Online) Web. Exforsys Inc Editors (2000) Globalization Challenges.  Exforsys Inc. Web. Dean, E (2008) Global issues that affect business.  Ezine Articles. Web. Deloitte Editors (2010) Deloitte experts weigh in on top issues affecting global business agenda.  Hotel News Resource. Web. Divya, G(2009) Managing global economic challenges.  Articlebase. Web. Guillot, M. (2003) Strategic Leadership, Defining the Challenge.  Air and space  journal. Web. Juneja, H. Prachi J. (1998) Strategic Leadership. Managementstudyguide.com. Web. Larson, P. (2009). Global Business Challenges.  Suite101. Web. Miller, A., Mary S., Linda L. (1991). Competitive advantage s in new corporate ventures: The impact of resource sharing and reporting level  Journal of Business Venturing  Volume 6, Issue 5, September 1991, Pages 335-350. Web. Morebusiness.com Editors (2007) Keys to Business Success: Implementing a business strategy. Morebusiness.com. Web. Mote, D. (2010) Global Strategy.  Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd ed. Web. Nash, C. (2008) The positive effects of globalization.  Ezine Articles. Web. Parnell, J. (2003) Five critical challenges in strategy making.  All Business. Web. Scribd Editors (2010). Corporate Parenting Fundamentals.  Scribd. Web. Skaik, S. (2009) Implementing strategic management in construction. Construction  management guide. Web. Sullivan, B. (2006) Leadership verses management.  Management Issues. Web. Whittington, R. (2002)  What is Strategy and Does it Matter?  UK: Thompson Learning. Print.

Sasha Gutierrez Essays (904 words) - Psychiatry, Psychology, Abuse

Sasha Gutierrez Essays (904 words) - Psychiatry, Psychology, Abuse Sasha Gutierrez Krystal Moret Sarah Jorgensen Tomas silva Amy Bermudez 10/25/2016 Psy 100 Buildings, cars, lamp posts, citizens, everything quaked as one of the twin towers began to cascade clown towards the Manhattan streets. sounds of screaming can be heard miles away as people ran for their lives. The ash from the towers can be noticed from as far as New Jersey and Staten island. September 11th 2001 represented the day of the largest act terrorism in the united states history. Approximately 3000 people were killed in New York city alone. terrorism can be best defined as the use of violent acts to frighten the people in an area as a way of trying to achieve a political goal (Meriam webster learner's dictionary). The act of terrorism is a very serious issue that progresses to become a more dangerous situation to citizens around the world. Many perilous individuals plot hazardous plans to commit acts of many innocent people develop disorders and severe long lasting psychological effects that can cause death. psychologist conducted a study to determine the wide spread pres ence of psychopathologic disorders . Terrorism could be represented as a virus that slowly destroys they everyday functions of society by slowly consuming the structure with its ideas and thoughts through violence . terrorism is a very serious issue that is happening in the present and even more significant threat in the future. The most popular psychological explanation for terrorism involves disruptive or psychopathological personalities. Martha Crenshaw demonstrates terrorism when she says "terrorists resort to violence as a willful choice and that terrorism as a course of action is an alternative" (post m.jerroled 25).in this she explains that terrorists commit their dangerous acts willingly. To gain excitement and to achieve a goal of frightening citizens of the area. Many social psychologist study to explain the psychological characteristics of terrorist. Most researchers suggested that the process of a terrorist group is heavily influenced by the prevailing political and social environment shared by friends and r elatives. Growing up in an environment marked by radical ideas and values can lead to one to join a terrorist group. People use terrorism to drag down the state by creating s perception of corruption through the promotion of sabotaging the political economic system. The attack in New York on September 11th 2001 threatened the supply line distribution by the attack of resource movement and transportation methods. The attack also created heightened anxiety which affected the people daily lives. Most could not go to work or travel because of a threat of being hurt. The possible motivation of terrorism can be described by Martha Crenshaw when says" terrorist are action-oriented, aggressive people who are stimulus hungry and seek excitement. Particularly striking is the reliance placed on the psychological mechanisms of "externalization and splitting psychological mechanisms found in individual's with narassistic and borderline personality disturbances" (post M Jerrold 27). here she expl ains that terrorist are self-assertive and hostile people who crave violence. Some individuals who suffer from disorders are more prone to committing acts of terrorism. The act of 9/11 effected many lives in numerous ways. Ways such as health complications, property damage, and loss of loved ones. post-traumatic stress depression (ptsd) and depression are two commonly psychological disorders studied after the 9/11 attack. Ptsd is the mental health problem that some people develop after experiencing or witnessing a life threatening event , natural disasters , and sexual assault. Depression is a brain disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, which causes significant impairment in a daily life. Immediately following the attack three national studies found widespread post-traumatic stress symptoms in the general united states population. Within the first week after 9/11 (scuster et at 2001) conducted a national random digit - dial telephone survey of 560 adults and found that 44% of the participants reported substantial stress reactions. (schuser et al 2001). Researchers also found that within the first mo nth, 12% of individuals reported acute stress symptoms and 8.9% reported symptoms involving functional impairment. studies taken together show initial evidence that the 9/11 attacks are significantly associated with ptsd symptom's in the general united states populations Another tragic terrorism experience that happened was the Boston Marathon. On April

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microeconomics - Essay Example This is especially true in the high-end home market where inventory is rising sharply and is beginning to experience falling prices. The resiliency of the real estate market and its reluctance to react to intuitive supply and demand pressures is a result of the seller's option to hold their property. The inelastic nature of the market is largely due to two factors. Typically long lead times for real estate inventory to affect prices and the ability of the seller to exercise discretion both contribute to the seemingly strange market condition. In the article, Bob Walters, chief economist for Quicken Loans, says, "People will hold their house on the market longer, rather than accept a lower price". This seller discretion indicates we may see further slowing of sales before prices begin to slip. However, warning signs of increased weakening are on the horizon. A Deerfield, IL. agent said that homes in the $1 million dollar range are beginning to feel the stagnation. He states that houses in this range have as much as a four year inventory and in some cases have seen a 50% drop in prices in the last few months. The increase in supply in this range has finally caught up with the number of sellers who need to find a buyer.

Universality of Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Universality of Human Rights - Essay Example Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) states that â€Å"no one shall be subject to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment" – according to which the world rejects stoning and flogging, but not death penalties by electrocution and lethal injections. Another UN convention that disregards all forms of discrimination against the women disallows all what Taliban does to the women. While the religious zealots in the East question the degradation of western women in the form of pornography, lesbianism, prostitution and other forms of social evils. The west protects it in the names of its freedoms. Despite several Security Council resolutions, there has been no action against the Israeli blatant human violations. Therefore, over the last 65 years, the same question is raised again and again: are human rights universal? If yes, to what extent?1 HUMAN RIGHTS â€Å"Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our na tionality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status.† The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights proposes that the human rights are absolute, undeniable, equal, non-discriminatory and interdependent. It states that these rights are an inseparable part of a person living in any part of the world. Therefore, it promotes it universality and argues that this ‘universality’ is the backbone of the international covenants of human rights. 2 UNIVERSALITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS International Law recognizes this universality of the human rights. It establishes the fact that the human rights are natural born rights â€Å"for all without distinction†. This universality is itself embodied in the name â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights† and in the language of the charter. The preamble of the UN charter of human rights states this universality in the words â€Å"common standard of achievement fo r all peoples and all nations". The West propagates this universal nature of the rights and establishes that these rights are owned for every men and women in every corner of the world.3 History pays homage to the West for development of the Human rights. The idea picks up in the minds of the enlightened philosophers in the old Greece, followed by the Romans through their Catholic Church and then moves up to the Northern Europe and Northern America. It develops its firm roots in the shape of Magna Carta in 1215 in Britain, in the shape of American Declaration of Independence in 1776 in America and in the shape of French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 in France. The French Declaration was outspoken in its words for the development of the human rights. The opening words of the document stirred the world, â€Å"The representatives of the French people, organized in National Assembly, considering that ignorance, forgetfulness, or contempt of the rights of m an are the sole causes of public misfortunes and of the corruption of governments, have resolved to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, inalienable, and sacred rights of man.†4 Nonetheless, many historians opinioned that the development of universal human rights surged in the recent history with the codification of the International Law since the end of the Second World War. The formation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights