The Difference Between Women And Women - 1346 Words

Women throughout history has always had some sort of disadvantage to our male counterparts. Whether it was a difference in job opportunities and pay rates, with the prevalence of double standards, or not having the right to vote like men were able to do. Women were always seen as inferior to men, but being African American and a woman, had much more to endure than that of white women. African American women had to be strong willed, not knowingly that this characteristic of black women and their identities has been shaped by that of slavery. In this paper I will discuss the history of slavery, the difference of gender labor roles in slavery, the importance of women slavery, the treatment differences of African men and women and the effect†¦show more content†¦Many that were enslaved because they were prisoners of war or because of a crime that was committed. The prevalence of female slaves were more common in the African internal slave trade (Robertson Klein 5). In some cas es, women were bought at higher prices than that of men (Robertson Klein 5). The demand for female slaves in Africa was so strong that â€Å"slave hunters often neglected men or massacred them on the battle field† (Robertson Klein 56). During slavery, there was an apparent disproportion of women being imported and exported. Out of the 60,000 slaves that was exported through the Atlantic Slave Trade to the West Indies during the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries, only 38 percent of them were women (Robertson Klein 30). Gaspar and Hein stated: In the Americas more African men than women were imported, primarily because Africans exported more men than women by a ratio of about two to one. A secondary reason for importing more male slaves was the European belief that the field labor was men’s work and men were stronger than women. The irony of this perception is that while men may be more muscular than women, in Africa it was the women who did and do most of the routine heavy hauling. (22) There are differences of when women and men begin working in their lives. Girls began working at younger ages. The average girl began her working life entirely or partially in the house but ended up in the fields, while the

Policy - 1331 Words

Argument Mapping Jessica Moody PAD 520 04/25/2016 Professor Dr. Thomas Create an argument map based on the influence diagram presented in Include in the map as many warrants, backings, objections, and rebuttals as possible. Claim: â€Å"The U.S. should return to the 55- mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives† Information: Experts say reducing highway speeds from 70 mph to 60 mph would reduce gasoline consumption between 2% and 3%. That could translate into a price reduction of as much as 10%. At todays price, almost 38 cents a gallon. Additionally, a lower speed limit saves 167,000 barrels of oil per day and could save approximately 6,400 lives per year. Warrant 1. Decreased speed limit will improve fuel†¦show more content†¦NATO and US troops were sent to Bosnia to solidify the fragile peace in Bosnia. Conflicts in Bosnia are largely responsible for the unstable Europe and this can alter the Security of the US as well. In addition to all these factors US planned to intervention in to the Bosnia conflict and suppress the conflicts (Carpenter, 1996). American hopes for a continental solution on Bosnia Problem proved unrealistic. The European Community-soon to become the European Union-could not reach a consensus on the appropriate course of action over Bosnia (70-97-1, 2013). With the American governments decision to become more involved in the peace process and to support the Vance-Owen plan, there was hope once again that a turning point in the Bosnian conflict had been reached (Rigby, 1994). Nations attached to the boundaries of the Bosnia are also in threat because the situation and the intervening countries can trigger w ar in all European nations. In Article 2 of the U.N. Charter, it requires that all members settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered. Most importantly, member states agree to a broad prohibition against use of force: All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. These wordsShow MoreRelatedPolicy Development : Pet Policy1503 Words   |  7 PagesPolicy Development [Pet Policy] Problem Formulation: [What is the problem that created the need for a policy?] Problems creating the need for a Pet Policy would be firstly, damage done to the dwelling space such as scratched up floors, chewing damage as well as accidents on carpets seeping into the backing of carpet that would need replacing after moving. 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This gives the government, institution, or organizationRead MoreImmigration Policy And Foreign Policy1274 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration policy and foreign policy are in many ways interlinked, as they are often used to meet goals in one another’s policy areas. Together, they are used to enhance the safety of our citizens, making this topic particularly important. Immigration is specifically linked to our foreign policy efforts with underdeveloped countries (Keely 1978). To fully understand one policy area, you must understand aspects of the other. Thus, one should consider these relationships when analyzing and evaluating

An examination of the way two 20th Centuary Film Directors have interpreted Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

An examination of the way two 20th Centuary Film Directors have interpreted Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Many Film Directors have produced versions of Shakespeare Plays. Some have succeeded some not. This is a study of how Franco Zefferelli and Baz Luhrmann have interpreted and dealt with the problems of presenting William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet to a modern audience. The language that Shakespeare wrote in is known as archaic old. This was a huge barrier for the Directors and it is interesting how they dealt with it. Zefferelli sets his version in the 14th Centuary. With the costume and setting in this style you expect the actors to speak in 14th century English and it makes the play/film easier to understand. Luhrmann uses a lot of imagery to compliment the words. An example of this is during the Ball Scene there is a famous speech between Romeo and Juliet where Romeo pictures Juliet as a saint and himself as a pilgrim wishing to worship at her shrine. Lurhmann has set this scene as fancy dress and Juliet is depicted as an Angel whereas Romeo is a knight as in the crusades or a Knights Templar. Many people nowadays think that Shakespeare is unimportant to modern life. They think that his work is out of date and boring. This is a huge problem to a director. BL overcame this by using very popular actors and actresses, set in a futuristic present day, with black actors in the cast and very radical imagery of gang warfare, a drug culture and relation to the inner city problems of today. It is possible that Luhrmann was alluding to the huge success of West Side Story, made in 1959, and the only musical version to date. This was street violence of rival gang with the hatred based on race. Zefferelli gets over this by using younger actors and being (for the era) very radical. There is the inclusion of a sex scene with a subtle but obvious inclusion of nudity, the wedding night, which for the time was shocking and got the film a non-child classification from the Censors. Again earlier in the film Juliet leans very provocatively over the balcony, wearing a low cut corset that would not have been in any original stage direction in the 16th Century. Act 1 Scene 1 In this scene, servants of both Houses meet in the market place. They start a fight that turns into a civil brawl that grows to involve the whole town. The Prince arrives, declares that if there is another fight the participants will be executed. If you ever disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace The Directors have a lot of freedom for this scene as Shakespeare uses only one stage direction they fight Even though they have a lot of freedom in the way of stage directions the words that Shakespeare uses hold a lot of meaning. There are many important quotes used. Benvolio shows his peaceful character immediately. His first lines are part fools, you know not what you do! and I do but keep the peace, whereas Tybalt declares his ferocity Turn thee Benvolio and look upon your death and his infamous speech What, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee. Have at thee coward! Shakespeare is trying to get across the idea of the childlike brawls, the honour of the Houses and the ability of an airy word to escalate into a civil brawl. Zefferelli This version is set in the 14th Centuary Market Place, with the hustle and bustle and noise of the time. This noise escalates during the fight and is heightened by the un-orderly clanging of the bells that will alert the watch. Zefferelli takes a very Normal and clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d view on the camera work and editing. As the action hots up the camera speeds up, as the action calms down the cameras slow down etc. In addition when Tybalt enters all you see is his feet then the camera slowly rises up his body, then zooms out, a common clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of the bad guy thus giving him a feeling of menace and apprehension showing us that we have something to worry about. After their fight has been broken up and on the entrance of the Prince, the screams, shouts, bells and chaos that has been the soundtrack for the scene drop to silence as the Prince bellows out his gloomy threats. Zefferelli uses the echo of the buildings in the square to make this more threatening. When the Prince enters we see the crowd from his point of view the camera is viewing along the horses back. This makes the characters seem small and insignificant as it he is relating to the fight. Luhrmann Luhrmann sets his version in modern day America. He has adapted the ways of Shakespeares families and brought them into the 21st century. He again may well be referring back to West Side Story in that the Capulets are Puerto Ricans, but they are not poor having made millions from oil (we know this because the fuel station has Capulet written all over it). Luhrmann also describes them by the way they are: They drive a very gothic Cadillac and they have strong Catholic/Hispanic roots. The clothes they wear, tight trousers, dark shirts, waistcoats and/or jackets show this. They also wear rosaries and have pictures of the Mother of Christ on the side panels of their guns. Tybalt also has a tattoo of a pierced heart on this chest. This is a very dramatic and religious symbol. The way they speak is also very unique and very evasive. Tybalt often talks in riddles or plays on words together with john Leguizamos (the actor) very husky voice, Tybalt is sly, cocky and over confident, as if he thinks he is better than the Montagues. The easy-going but troubled Montagues have been depicted as typical Americans loud, slightly overweight and fun loving. There mannerisms are simple though, this helps to describe them as innocent. Luhrmann has perceived them as the better family. Mistaken Identity in Twelfth Night EssayThroughout both films the music has repeating themes, which reoccur for good and bad times. This technique appears here picking up on bad music from earlier in the film. Luhrmann uses Mercutio to show the effect of the drugs. He interprets his speech when he is trying to cheer Romeo up and alludes to Queen Mab as if the Queen of the Fairies is in fact the drug he has in his hand. This is because the legend is that Queen Mab enters peoples minds and gives them dreams, as do hallucinogenic drugs. Taking into consideration that Luhrmann made his film right at the height of the rave scene where Ecstasy was the height of fashion this twist brings the action right up to date and may well shock and surprise viewers who are not of that crowd. Both films use a single singer to bring more atmosphere to the end of this scene. In keeping with the period Zefferelli uses a Castrati, but to be thoroughly 20th Centuary Luhrmann has a black soul singer in this place. Act 5 Scene 3 This is the final and famous scene where they both die. Friar Laurences plan to fake Juliets death and send word to the exiled Romeo so that they can escape to a new life together is thwarted by Friar Johns delay at the Boarder. Romeo instead receives word from Balthazar (who has no knowledge of the plan), to say that Juliet is dead. Romeo, in his grief, hurries to Verona with the plan to die with her. He commits suicide by Juliets body, she then recovers consciousness, sees Romeo dead beside her and therefore takes her own life. In this scene Shakespeare changes the story from a love story to a tragedy. The hatred, long established, between the elders of these two young lovers, has forced them to conceal their love, and undertake a risky plan to have a life together. The plan backfires causing loss, sadness and grief to both families. In this Shakespear is showing how minor arguments can turn to great hatred, and the waste of life. He also enforces the idea that it may take a massive tragedy to bring warring parties to their senses and bring peace too late for the victims. Franco Zefferelli uses every technique current at the time to make the death scene as sad a possible. The horror and shock shown by the people who find the bodies, the music and the slow, lingering camera work, together with misting of some of the shots all work together to emphasize the pathos and grief. He uses techniques that might seem outdated in the current age but were drawn from the golden age of cinema in the 1950s and 60s when a good cry was seen to be a requirement of a good film. The scene is, however, very sterilized. Although Romeo has taken poison, and Juliet has stabbed herself there is nothing ugly and very little blood. The film leaves an impression only of sadness, and not the horror that such a scene would give in reality. Lurhmann however goes out of his way to shock in this scene, which is not his usual style. Romeo arrives as part of a police chase, and takes a hostage as part of his desperation to get to the chapel. The Prince is chasing Romeo in a helicopter, with aggressive music and much background noise. When he gets to the Chapel and shuts the door the sound is muffled. Lurhmann uses light to great effect. The chapel is full of thousands of candles, with white material to emphasis light and innocence. This is referring to Shakespears own words in that he gives Romeo the lines she does make torches to burn bright when he is first describing Juliet. In increase the sadness Lurhmann makes fine adjustments to Shakespears stage direction. The author intended that Romeo was already dead when Juliet regains consciousness. In this version he has just swallowed the poison as he realizes that Juliet is still alive, and for a split second they are both aware of what has happened. The Director shows his talent in that there is no deviation from the original text, just the use of body language, close ups and facial expressions, and makes the whole scene far sadder than versions that stick to the original stage direction. The audience is left wishing that Romeo had arrived just a few minutes, even seconds later, and the tragedy would have had a happy ending. At the start of the scene, it is like an action movie. The camera work is fast and furious, with all the clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s of a police chase. This action adds to the feeling of desperation and need for speed that Romeo is suffering. This camera work stops and goes to the same camera long shot as he slams the door of the chapel. The contrast from many cameras, view angles and intensity to the single view, where it is the actor not the camera that moves, is used the show the feeling of relief and achievement that Romeo has in that he has made it to the chapel. The contrast is so strong that it is almost like a computer game, where he has achieved one level and has a distinct break before the next and hardest level. Conclusion. I believe that Shakespeare, if he was alive now would have liked parts of both. The Zefferelli version is much less of a culture shock but Lurhmanns is such a twist on the classic story that he would have appreciated it in a sort of why didnt I think of that! way. In its time Zefferellis version was a masterpiece, and still is, for the classical Shakespear scholar. However with the capabilities of modern television, and the understanding of modern life that the audience has, it appears dated. My personal preference is that of Lurhmanns. You as an adult may think that this is typical of a teenager, but I believe that it is because his version brings the emotions alive whereas Zefferellis version did that in its day but does not with a modern audience.

Electromagnetic Suspension free essay sample

Electrodynamic Suspension (EDS) Photo courtesy Railway Technical Research Institute Japans MLX01 maglev train Japanese engineers are developing a competing version of maglev trains that use an electrodynamic suspension (EDS) system, which is based on the repelling force of magnets. The key difference between Japanese and German maglev trains is that the Japanese trains use super-cooled, superconducting electromagnets. This kind of electromagnet can conduct electricity even after the power supply has been shut off. In the EMS system, which uses standard electromagnets, the coils only conduct electricity when a power supply is present. By chilling the coils at frigid temperatures, Japans system saves energy. However, the cryogenic system uses to cool the coils can be expensive. Another difference between the systems is that the Japanese trains levitate nearly 4 inches (10 cm) above the guideway. One potential drawback in using the EDS system is that maglev trains must roll on rubber tires until they reach a liftoff speed of about 62 mph (100 kph). We will write a custom essay sample on Electromagnetic Suspension or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Japanese engineers say the wheels are an advantage if a power failure caused a shutdown of the system. Germanys Transrapid train is equipped with an emergency battery power supply. Also, passengers with pacemakers would have to be shielded from the magnetic fields generated by the superconducting electromagnets. Maglev Accidents On August 11, 2006, a maglev train compartment on the Transrapid Shanghai airport line caught fire. There were no injuries, and investigators believe that the fire was caused by an electrical problem. On September 22, 2006, a Transrapid test train in Emsland, Germany had 29 people aboard during a test run when it crashed into a repair car that had been accidentally left on the track. The train was going at least 120 mph (133 km) at the time. Most passengers were killed in the first fatal accident involving a maglev train. The Inductrack is a newer type of EDS that uses permanent room-temperature magnets to produce the magnetic fields instead of powered electromagnets or cooled superconducting magnets. Inductrack uses a power source to accelerate the train only until begins to levitate. If the power fails, the train can slow down gradually and stop on its auxillary wheels. The track is actually an array of electrically-shorted circuits containing insulated wire. In one design, these circuits are aligned like rungs in a ladder. As the train moves, a magnetic field the repels the magnets, causing the train to levitate. There are two Inductrack designs: Inductrack I and Inductrack II. Inductrack I is designed for high speeds, while Inductrack II is suited for slow speeds. Inductrack trains could levitate higher with greater stability. As long as its moving a few miles per hour, an Inductrack train will levitate nearly an inch (2. 54 cm) above the track. A greater gap above the track means that the train would not require complex sensing systems to maintain stability. Permanent magnets had not been used before because scientists thought that they would not create enough levitating force. The Inductrack design bypasses this problem by arranging the magnets in a Halbach array. The magnets are configured so that the intensity of the magnetic field concentrates above the array instead of below it. They are made from a newer material comprising a neodymium-iron-boron alloy, which generates a higher magnetic field. The Inductrack II design incorporates two Halbach arrays to generate a stronger magnetic field at lower speeds. Dr. Richard Post at the Livermore National Laboratory in California came up with this concept in response to safety and cost concerns. The prototype tests caught the attention of NASA, which awarded a contract to Dr. Post and his team to explore the possibility of using the Inductrack system to launch satellites into orbit